Effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term infants / O efeito da dilatação da pupila na pressão intraocular em bebês pré-termo e a termo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term newborns. Methods: This prospective study involved 55 eyes of 28 preterm infants and 38 eyes of 20 term infants. The infants were divided into two groups according to their gestational ages at birth as follows: preterm group, <37 weeks and term group, ≥37 weeks. Pupil dilation was attained with tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed with Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland) before and after pupil dilation. A paired t test was used to compare the measurements before and after pupil dilation. Results: The mean intraocular pressure change was -1.04 ± 3.03 mmHg (6.20/-11.40 mmHg) in the preterm group and -0.39 ± 2.81 mmHg (4.60/-9.70 mmHg) in the term group. A statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure was observed only in the preterm group after pupil dilation (p=0.01). Conclusion: An unexpected alteration in intraocular pressure in newborns may occur after pupil dilation, especially in preterm infants.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da dilatação da pupila sobre a pressão intraocular em recém-nascidos pré-termo e a termo. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo envolveu 55 olhos de 28 bebês pré-termo e 38 olhos de 20 bebês a termo. Os bebês foram divididos em dois grupos, pré-termo e a termo, de acordo com a idade gestacional ao nascimento: grupo pré-termo <37 semanas; grupo a termo ≥37 semanas. A dilatação da pupila foi feita com tropicamida 0,5% e fenilefrina 2,5%. As medições da pressão intraocular foram realizadas com Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finlândia) antes e depois da dilatação da pupila. O teste t pareado foi usado para comparar as medidas antes e depois da dilatação da pupila. Resultados: A alteração média da pressão intraocular foi de -1,04 ± 3,03 mmHg (+6,20/-11,40 mmHg) no grupo pré-termo e -0,39 ± 2,81 mmHg (+4,60/-9,70 mmHg) no grupo a termo. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na pressão intraocular foi observada apenas no grupo pré-termo após a dilatação da pupila (p=0,01). Conclusão: Após a dilatação da pupila, pode ocorrer alteração inesperada da pressão intraocular em recém-nascidos, principalmente em bebês pré-termo.

Effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term infants.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term newborns. METHODS: This prospective study involved 55 eyes of 28 preterm infants and 38 eyes of 20 term infants. The infants were divided into two groups according to their gestational ages at birth as follows: preterm group, <37 weeks and term group, ≥37 weeks. Pupil dilation was attained with tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed with Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland) before and after pupil dilation. A paired t test was used to compare the measurements before and after pupil dilation. RESULTS: The mean intraocular pressure change was -1.04 ± 3.03 mmHg (6.20/-11.40 mmHg) in the preterm group and -0.39 ± 2.81 mmHg (4.60/-9.70 mmHg) in the term group. A statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure was observed only in the preterm group after pupil dilation (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: An unexpected alteration in intraocular pressure in newborns may occur after pupil dilation, especially in preterm infants.

Ophthalmologic approach to babies with cerebral visual impairment.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is an increasingly common type of visual disturbance in infants and children. The increased incidence is associated with improved neonatal intensive care services and survival of premature infants, especially in developed countries and our country. For accurate ophthalmological evaluation, it is important to know the behavioral responses to visual stimuli that are unique to CVI such as color preference, need for movement, visual latency, visual field preference, and difficulty in visual complexity. METHODS: This review is prepared to draw attention to the subject within the scope of Ankara University Vision, Artificial Vision and Low Vision Rehabilitation training programs. RESULTS: The most common causes are hypoxia and perinatal ischemia. Ocular structures are generally normal or are not sufficient to explain the visual impairment. Diagnosis and habilitation methods differ from visual impairment of ocular origin. As a result, early diagnosis of CVI in infants and toddlers and an effective visual habilitation with a multidisciplinary approach where ophthalmologists and pediatricians lead the team is very valuable. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and early visual habilitation will increase the quality of life of babies and will provide important gains for families and therefore the whole society. Pediatricians should be familiar with this group of disturbances and the available resources, as they are best placed to refer the child for evaluation and rehabilitation and encourage the family for follow-up.

Effects of diode laser photocoagulation treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity.

AIM: To investigate the effects of diode laser treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Premature infants who received diode laser treatment for ROP (n=68) and premature infants with spontaneous regressed ROP without treatment (n=50) were performed longitudinal ocular biometric measurements including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length as follows: 1d prior to laser treatment, and 3, 6, 9, and 12mo after the laser treatment. RESULTS: The mean birth weight, gestational age and initial examination time values were 936.53±302.07 g, 26.66±2.42wk, 36.26±2.73wk in the treatment group and 959.78±260.08 g, 27.28±2.10wk, 36.56±2.54wk in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in these demographic characteristics of the groups. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length demonstrated statistically significant linear increases during the study period in the two groups (P<0.001 for each). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of anterior chamber depth after laser treatment. Measurements of the lens thickness at 9th and 12th months (9th month 3.70±0.22 vs 3.60±0.21 mm, P=0.017; 12th month 3.81±0.21 vs 3.69±0.22 mm, P=0.002) and the axial length at 12th month (19.35±0.79 vs 19.13±0.54 mm, P=0.031) after laser treatment were statistically higher in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: Diode laser retinal photocoagulation treatment in premature infants seems to increase the lens thickness and axial length.

Retinal choroidal and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in former preterm and full-term infants aged 4 to 8 years.

PURPOSE: To compare the retinal thickness at the fovea center, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and choroidal thickness (CT) in former preterm and full-term infants. METHODS: A total of 121 healthy children aged 4-8 years were divided 4 groups: group 1; children born on time, group 2; preterm children without a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), group 3; preterm children with a history of spontaneously regressed ROP and group 4; preterm children who underwent diode laser photocoagulation for ROP. The retinal thickness at the fovea, peripapillary RNFL thickness at global, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants and submacular CT at 7 different points were measured by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The mean retinal thickness at the fovea center was statistically higher, whereas the mean RNFL thickness values in global, nasal, superior and inferior quadrants were statistically lower in group 4. No difference was found in the mean submacular CT value of any point between the groups. CONCLUSION: Transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation treatment for ROP seems to cause an increase in macular thickness and a decrease in RNFL thickness.

The outcomes of 326 external dacryocystorhinostomy operations in children with dacryostenosis - 30-year experience of an oculoplastic surgeon / Os resultados de 326 operações de dacriocistorrinostomia externa em crianças com dacrioestenose - 30 anos de experiência de um cirurgião oculoplástico

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report demographic features and surgical outcomes of 320 children undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy for dacryostenosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of the records of patients aged <16 years who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy. Patient demographic features and success rates of the operations were analyzed from the data records. Children with <12-month follow-up were not enrolled in the study. Results: We identified 326 operative records of 320 children (162 [50.6%] girls and 158 [49.4%] boys) who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy with a mean follow-up of 26.03 ± 11.11 months. Overall, we evaluated 116 (35.6%) cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Our series demonstrated a 99.4% success rate for external dacryocystorhinostomy. Conclusions: External dacryocystorhinostomy in children has a high success rate if performed by an experienced oculoplastic surgeon.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar as características demográficas e os resultados cirúrgicos em 320 crianças submetidas à dacriocistorrinostomia externa para dacrioestenose. Métodos: Foi realizada uma avaliaçãodos prontuários de pacientes com idade <16 anos submetidos à cirurgia de dacriocistorrinostomia externa. Características demográficas do paciente e taxa de sucesso das operações foram analisadas a partir dos registros de dados. Crianças com menos de 12 meses de acompanhamento não foram incluídas no estudo. Resultados: Foram identificados 326 registros operatórios de 320 crianças (162 [50,6%] meninas e 158 [49,4%] meninos) que foram submetidas à dacriocistorrinostomia externa com um seguimento médio de 26,03 ± 11,11 meses. No geral, avaliamos 116 (35,6%) casos de obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal. Nossa série demonstrou uma taxa de sucesso de 99,4% para a dacriocistorrinostomia externa. Conclusão: A dacriocistorrinostomia externa em crianças tem uma alta taxa de sucesso se for realizada por um cirurgião oculoplástico experiente.

The outcomes of 326 external dacryocystorhinostomy operations in children with dacryostenosis - 30-year experience of an oculoplastic surgeon.

PURPOSE: To report demographic features and surgical outcomes of 320 children undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy for dacryostenosis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective evaluation of the records of patients aged <16 years who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy. Patient demographic features and success rates of the operations were analyzed from the data records. Children with <12-month follow-up were not enrolled in the study. RESULTS: We identified 326 operative records of 320 children (162 [50.6%] girls and 158 [49.4%] boys) who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy with a mean follow-up of 26.03 ± 11.11 months. Overall, we evaluated 116 (35.6%) cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Our series demonstrated a 99.4% success rate for external dacryocystorhinostomy. CONCLUSIONS: External dacryocystorhinostomy in children has a high success rate if performed by an experienced oculoplastic surgeon.

Short- and long-term effects of zinc treatment on lacrimal gland histopathology and tear functions tests in radioiodine-administered rats.

PURPOSE:: To investigate the short-term (1 week) and long-term (8 weeks) protective effects of zinc administration on radioiodine (RAI)-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats. METHODS:: A total of 40 rats were divided into two groups: an RAI group (n=20), which was administrated a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL physiologic saline for 7 days by gastric gavage, and a zinc group (n=20), which received a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL of physiologic saline containing zinc sulfate at a concentration of 10 mg/kg concentration for 7 days by gastric gavage. All rats underwent tear function tests before and 1 week after RAI administration. About 1 week after irradiation, half of the animals in each group were sacrificed and the extraorbital lacrimal glands were removed for histopathological examination. The remaining animals of the groups underwent the same procedures at 8 weeks after irradiation. RESULTS:: In the RAI and zinc groups, the mean tear production was 3.75 ± 1.55 and 3.65 ± 1.53 mm at baseline, 2.10 ± 1.07 and 3.30 ± 1.34 mm at week 1 (p=0.004), and 3.22 ± 1.48 and 3.50 ± 1.78 mm at week 8, respectively; further, the mean corneal fluorescein staining scores were 4.65 ± 2.16 and 4.80 ± 2.21 points at baseline, 7.85 ± 1.90 and 5.45 ± 2.06 points at week 1 (p=0.001), and 5.44 ± 2.13 and 4.90 ± 2.08 at week 8, respectively. The histopathological changes in rat lacrimal glands at weeks 1 and 8 were consistent with the tear function test results. CONCLUSIONS:: Zinc treatment seems to be protective against RAI-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats, particularly in the acute period.

Short- and long-term effects of zinc treatment on lacrimal gland histopathology and tear functions tests in radioiodine-administered rats / Efeitos de curto e longo prazo do tratamento com zinco na histopatologia da glândula lacrimal e funções lacrimais em ratos que receberam iodo radioativo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the short-term (1 week) and long-term (8 weeks) protective effects of zinc administration on radioiodine (RAI)-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats. Methods: A total of 40 rats were divided into two groups: an RAI group (n=20), which was administrated a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL physiologic saline for 7 days by gastric gavage, and a zinc group (n=20), which received a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL of physiologic saline containing zinc sulfate at a concentration of 10 mg/kg concentration for 7 days by gastric gavage. All rats underwent tear function tests before and 1 week after RAI administration. About 1 week after irradiation, half of the animals in each group were sacrificed and the extraorbital lacrimal glands were removed for histopathological examination. The remaining animals of the groups underwent the same procedures at 8 weeks after irradiation. Results: In the RAI and zinc groups, the mean tear production was 3.75 ± 1.55 and 3.65 ± 1.53 mm at baseline, 2.10 ± 1.07 and 3.30 ± 1.34 mm at week 1 (p=0.004), and 3.22 ± 1.48 and 3.50 ± 1.78 mm at week 8, respectively; further, the mean corneal fluorescein staining scores were 4.65 ± 2.16 and 4.80 ± 2.21 points at baseline, 7.85 ± 1.90 and 5.45 ± 2.06 points at week 1 (p=0.001), and 5.44 ± 2.13 and 4.90 ± 2.08 at week 8, respectively. The histopathological changes in rat lacrimal glands at weeks 1 and 8 were consistent with the tear function test results. Conclusions: Zinc treatment seems to be protective against RAI-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats, particularly in the acute period.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se o tratamento com zinco tem efeito protetor, no curto prazo (1 semana) e longo prazo (8 semanas), sobre os danos induzidos na glândula lacrimal por iodo radiotativo (RAI) em ratos. Métodos: Quarenta ratos foram divididos em dois grupos. No grupo RAI (n=20) foi administrada uma única dose de 3 mCi 131I e 1 cc de solução salina fisiológica durante 7 dias, por gavagem gástrica. O grupo zinco (n=20) recebeu uma dose única de 3 mCi 131I e 1 cc de solução salina fisiológica contendo sulfato de zinco na concentração de 10 mg/kg durante 7 dias por gavagem gástrica. Os testes de função lacrimal foram realizadas para todos os animais antes e após uma semana da administração da RAI. Em seguida, após 1 semana da administração, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e as glândulas lacrimais extraorbitais foram removidas para exame histopatológico. Os animais remanescentes dos grupos foram submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos após 8 semanas a radiação. Resultados: As médias de produção lacrimal foram de 3,75 ± 1,55 e 3,65 ± 1,53 mm na linha de base, 2,10 ± 1,07 e 3,30 ± 1,34 mm na 1a semana (p=0,004), e 3,22 ± 1,48 e 3,50 ± 1,78 mm na 8a semana, para os grupos RAI e zinco, respectivamente. As pontuações médias de coloração fluoresceína foram 4,65 ± 2,16 e 4,80 ± 2,21 no início do estudo, 7,85 ± 1,90 e 5,45 ± 2,06 na primeira semana (p=0,001), 5,44 ± 2,13 e 4,90 ± 2,08 pontos na 8a semana, para os grupos RAI e zinco, respectivamente. As alterações histopatológicas das glândulas lacrimais em 1 e 8 semanas foram consistentes com os testes de função lacrimal resultados. Conclusões: O tratamento de zinco parece ser protetor sobre os danos glândula lacrimal induzidos por RAI em ratos, especialmente no período agudo.

Prostaglandin E2 Levels of Aqueous and Vitreous Humor in Ketorolac 0.4% and Nepafenac 0.1% Administered Healthy Rabbits.

PURPOSE: To compare the lowering effects of ketorolac 0.4% and nepafenac 0.1% on aqueous and vitreous humor prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in rabbits. METHODS: Ketorolac and nepafenac ophthalmic solutions were administered to the right eyes of 24 healthy rabbits after randomized division into two groups. The left eyes of these rabbits were considered as controls for the two groups. On the 4th day of the experiment, the samples were taken from the aqueous and vitreous humors of the rabbits bilaterally, and PGE2 levels were measured by an enzyme immune assay kit. RESULTS: Ketorolac and nepafenac achieved a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001, for each) in PGE2 levels in the aqueous (11.75 ± 6.15 and 14.75 ± 7.60 pg/mL, respectively) and the vitreous humor (6.58 ± 4.62 and 9.83 ± 4.55 pg/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both ketorolac and nepafenac inhibited PGE2 levels in both the aqueous and vitreous humors of rabbits. Although PGE2-lowering effects were similar in the aqueous humor, nepafenac seemed to be more potent than ketorolac in the vitreous humor.

Maternal Diabetes as an Independent Risk Factor for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Infants With Birth Weight of 1500 g or More.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between maternal diabetes and the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or more. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Data of 78 premature infants from diabetic mothers were compared with data of 258 controls. We examined the relationship between maternal diabetes and the development of ROP and type 1 ROP, adjusting for multiple risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors of outcome variables. Prior to multivariable logistic regression analysis, the association of each independent variable with the outcome variables, a univariate estimate was performed. The crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) values and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were given. Main outcome measures were the development of ROP and the development of type 1 ROP. RESULTS: The study was conducted on 336 preterm infants; 78 were from diabetic mothers and 258 were from nondiabetic mothers. The rate of ROP (78.2% in case group and 14.7% in control group) and the rate of type 1 ROP (20.5% in case group and 4.7% for controls) were found significantly higher in the case group (P = .001 for both). Maternal diabetes was shown to be an independent risk factor for both ROP and type 1 ROP (OR with 95% CI: 25.040 [12.728-49.264]; 6.311 [2.647-15.048], respectively, and P < .001 for both). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the presence of maternal diabetes is significantly associated with the development of ROP and type 1 ROP in premature infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or more.

The relationship of birth weight, gestational age, and postmenstrual age with ocular biometry parameters in premature infants.

PURPOSE: To analyze ocular biometry parameters and evaluate their relationship with gestational age, birth weight, and postmenstrual age in prematurely born infants. METHODS: The right eyes of 361 premature infants born before the 36th gestational week were evaluated. Birth weight, gestational week, and gender were recorded. An A-scan Biometer was used for obtaining axial measurements, including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and total axial length. RESULTS: Gestational age and birth weight values ranged from 23 to 36 weeks and from 560 to 2,670 g, respectively. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 30.8 ± 2.8 weeks and 1,497.9 ± 483.6 g, respectively. During the first examination (4-5 weeks of postnatal age), birth weight and gestational age of the infants correlated significantly and positively with lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length (r>0.5, p<0.001), but not with anterior chamber depth (r<0.5). Increased vitreous and axial lengths correlated significantly with increasing postmenstrual age of the infants (r=0.669, p<0.001; r=0.845, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length, but not anterior chamber depth, were significantly correlated with birth weight and gestational age. All four parameters increased with increasing postmenstrual age, with higher correlations for vitreous and axial lengths than for anterior chamber depth and lens thickness. It was concluded that axial elongation resulted primarily from increasing posterior chamber length.

The relationship of birth weight, gestational age, and postmenstrual age with ocular biometry parameters in premature infants / A relação entre o peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e idade pós-menstrual com a biometria ocular em bebês prematuros

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze ocular biometry parameters and evaluate their relationship with gestational age, birth weight, and postmenstrual age in prematurely born infants. Methods: The right eyes of 361 premature infants born before the 36th gestational week were evaluated. Birth weight, gestational week, and gender were recorded. An A-scan Biometer was used for obtaining axial measurements, including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and total axial length. Results: Gestational age and birth weight values ranged from 23 to 36 weeks and from 560 to 2,670 g, respectively. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 30.8 ± 2.8 weeks and 1,497.9 ± 483.6 g, respectively. During the first examination (4-5 weeks of postnatal age), birth weight and gestational age of the infants correlated significantly and positively with lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length (r>0.5, p<0.001), but not with anterior chamber depth (r<0.5). Increased vitreous and axial lengths correlated significantly with increasing postmenstrual age of the infants (r=0.669, p<0.001; r=0.845, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length, but not anterior chamber depth, were significantly correlated with birth weight and gestational age. All four parameters increased with increasing postmenstrual age, with higher correlations for vitreous and axial lengths than for anterior chamber depth and lens thickness. It was concluded that axial elongation resulted primarily from increasing posterior chamber length. .

RESUMO Objetivo: Medir os comprimentos axiais dos componentes oculares e avaliar a relação com a idade gestacional, peso ao nascer e idade pós-menstrual em crianças nascidas prematuramente. Método: O olho direito de 361 crianças prematuras, que nasceram com menos de 36 semanas de gestação, foram avaliados. O peso ao nascer, semanas de gestação e gênero foram registrados. Um biômetro A-scan foi utilizado para a obtenção das medidas axiais da profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura do cristalino, comprimento vítreo e comprimento axial total. Resultados: A idade gestacional e os valores de peso ao nascimento variaram de 23 a 36 semanas e de 560 a 2.670 g, respectivamente. A idade gestacional e o peso ao nascer foram 30,8 ± 2,8 semanas e 1.497,9 ± 483,6 g. Ao primeiro exame (4 a 5 semanas de idade pós-natal), o peso ao nascimento e a idade gestacional dos recém-nascidos apresentaram correlação positiva, estatisticamente significativa, com a espessura do cristalino, comprimento vítreo e comprimento axial total (r>0,5 p<0,001), mas não com a profundidade da câmara anterior (r<0,5). O alongamento de comprimento vítreo e do comprimento axial total se correlacionaram significativamente com o aumento da idade pós-menstrual dos lactentes (r=0,669; p<0,001 e r=0,845; p<0,001, respectivamente). Conclusões: A espessura do cristalino, o comprimento vítreo e o comprimento axial total, mas não profundidade da câmara anterior, foram significativamente correlacionados com o peso ao nascimento e com a idade gestacional. Todos os quatro componentes aumentaram com a idade pós-menstrual, apresentando correlações mais elevadas do comprimento vítreo e comprimento axial total do que da profundidade da câmara anterior e espessura do cristalino. Concluiu-se que o alongamento axial resultou principalmente do aumento do comprimento da câmara posterior. .

The intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in healthy premature infants.

PURPOSE: To describe the normal values of intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) in healthy premature infants. METHODS: Infants of <32 weeks' gestational age who underwent screened for retinopathy of prematurity were prospectively enrolled. The same ophthalmologist measured IOP by applanation tonometry and CCT using ultrasonic pachymetry. Infants were divided into four groups according to postconceptional ages (PCA). The mean values of the IOP and CCT were compared by nonparametric statistical tests, and the relationship of the PCA with IOP and CCT were analyzed with correlation tests. Only right eye measurements were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 470 infants (mean PCA, 35.94 ± 4.00 weeks) were enrolled. The mean IOP with standard deviation was 16.86 ± 2.93 mm Hg; the mean CCT, 590 ± 58.26 µm. Both IOP and CCT values were found to be significantly higher in infants with lower versus higher PCA (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant negative linear relationship between the PCA and the values of IOP and CCT, separately. CONCLUSIONS: IOP and CCT values may be higher in infants with lower PCA. Higher IOP values in these infants may be associated with higher CCT values.

Effect of allogeneic limbal mesenchymal stem cell therapy in corneal healing: role of administration route.

AIMS: To investigate whether allogeneic limbal mesenchymal stem cell (LMSC) therapy affects corneal healing after a severe chemical burn and whether the route of administration of LMSCs differs in its therapeutic effect in this respect. METHODS: A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats with clinically proven alkali injury were divided into four equal groups (n = 15) as follows: group 1: 2 × 10(5) cells/drop LMSCs, topically applied 6 times a day for 2 days; group 2: 2.4 × 10(6) cells in 0.5 ml LMSCs, subconjunctivally applied; group 3: 2.4 × 10(6) cells in 1 ml LMSCs, intraperitoneally applied, and group 4: no LMSC treatment. The groups were compared according to grades of corneal opacity (CO), corneal neovascularization (CNV) and corneal fluorescein staining (CFS). The migration of LMSCs into the cornea and the inflammatory characteristics of the groups were evaluated with BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine bromodeoxyuridine) immunostaining and histopathologically in a 4-week follow-up. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the LMSC-treated and control groups in each week regarding mean CO scores and in the 3rd week regarding the mean CNV and CFS scores (p < 0.05). The statistical significance was due to the differences between the topical and the control group and between the subconjunctival and the control group. BrdU+ LMSCs were seen in the corneal epithelium of the all LMSC-administered rats, and fewer inflammatory changes were observed in these rats. CONCLUSION: Allogeneic LMSC treatment, especially topical and subconjunctival administration, seems to be helpful in affecting corneal healing after a severe corneal burn.

Analysis of the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length in premature infants.

PURPOSE: To determine the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length in premature infants. METHODS: Infants with a birth weight of less than 2,500 g or with a gestation period of less than 36 weeks were included in the study. Infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were allocated to Group 1 (n=138), while those without ROP were allocated to Group 2 (n=236). All infants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including corneal diameter measurements, pachymetry, biometry, and fundoscopy. Between-group comparisons of horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial lengths were performed. Independent sample t-tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Data was obtained from 374 eyes of 187 infants (102 female, 85 male). The mean gestational age at birth was 30.7 ± 2.7 weeks (range 25-36 weeks), the mean birth weight was 1,514 ± 533.3 g (range 750-1,970 g), and the mean postmenstrual age at examination was 40.0 ± 4.8 weeks. The mean gestational age and the mean birth weight of Group 1 were statistically lower than Group 2 (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of ROP in premature infants does not alter the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, or axial length.

Analysis of the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length in premature infants / Diâmetro horizontal corneano, espessura corneana central e o comprimento axial em prematuros

Purpose: To determine the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length in premature infants. Methods: Infants with a birth weight of less than 2,500 g or with a gestation period of less than 36 weeks were included in the study. Infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were allocated to Group 1 (n=138), while those without ROP were allocated to Group 2 (n=236). All infants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including corneal diameter measurements, pachymetry, biometry, and fundoscopy. Between-group comparisons of horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial lengths were performed. Independent sample t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Data was obtained from 374 eyes of 187 infants (102 female, 85 male). The mean gestational age at birth was 30.7 ± 2.7 weeks (range 25-36 weeks), the mean birth weight was 1,514 ± 533.3 g (range 750-1,970 g), and the mean postmenstrual age at examination was 40.0 ± 4.8 weeks. The mean gestational age and the mean birth weight of Group 1 were statistically lower than Group 2 (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: The presence of ROP in premature infants does not alter the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, or axial length. .

Objetivo: Determinar o diâmetro horizontal corneano, a espessura corneana central e o comprimento axial de prematuros. Métodos: Crianças com peso de nascimento menor que 2.500 g ou idade gestacional menor que 36 semanas foram incluídas no estudo. Recém-nascidos com retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) foram alocados no Grupo 1 (n=138), sem ROP foram alocados no Grupo 2 (n=236). Todos os bebês foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo medida do diâmetro corneano, paquimetria, biometria e fundoscopia. O diâmetro horizontal corneano, a espessura corneana central e o comprimento axial dos grupos foram comparados. Teste de "Student" para amostras independentes foi utilizado na análise estatística. Resultados: Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 374 olhos de 187 crianças (102 meninas, 85 meninos). A idade gestacional média ao nascer foi de 30,7 ± 2,7 semanas (variação de 25 a 36 semanas). O peso médio ao nascer foi de 1.514 ± 533,3 g (variação de 750 a 1.970 g). A idade pós-menstrual média de exame foi de 40,0 ± 4,8 semanas. A idade gestacional e o peso médio do Grupo 1 eram estatisticamente inferiores aos do Grupo 2 (p<0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas no diâmetro horizontal da córnea, espessura corneana central e medidas de comprimento axial entre dois grupos (p>0,05). Conclusões: A presença de ROP em prematuros não altera o diâmetro da córnea horizontal, espessura corneana central e o comprimento axial. .

Reducing the histopathological changes of radioiodine to the lacrimal glands by a popular anti-oxidant: lycopene.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Radioiodine (RAI) has been used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma for more than 70 years. Lycopene is an anti-oxidant, which is plentiful in red fruits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible inhibitory effect of lycopene on the RAI-induced acute histopathological changes in rat lacrimal glands. METHODS: In this experimental animal study, 32 rats were randomly divided into three groups. The first group (control group, n = 8) was not given neither (131)I nor lycopene, the second group (RAI group, n = 12) was administrated a single dose of 3 mCi (131)I and 1 cc physiologic saline by gastric gavage. The third group (lycopene group, n = 12) was administrated 3 mCi (131)I and 1 cc lycopene by gastric gavage. After 24 h of the last dose, the animals were decapitated on the seventh day and their lacrimal glands were removed for histopathological examination. RESULTS: The cell shape and the cell size variation and poorly defined acidophilic cell outlines in all lacrimal glands were observed significantly less frequently in the lycopene group than in the RAI group. CONCLUSIONS: Our histopathological examinations have revealed that lycopene prevents rat lacrimal glands against RAI-related acute histopathological changes.

The effect of short-term vitamin E against radioiodine-induced early lacrimal gland damage.

UNLABELLED: Radioiodine (RAI) is a well-known radionuclide which is used in vivo both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, particularly for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. Vitamin E is a well-known antioxidant vitamin. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there was a protective effect of short-term vitamin E on RAI-induced lacrimal gland early damage in experimental animal models. METHODS: Twentyfour rats were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (RAI group) was administreted 3 mCi (131)I by gastric gavage and 1 mL physiological saline intraperitoneally. The second group (RAI + Vitamin E) was administrated 3 mCi (131)I by gastric gavage and 1 mL vitamin E intraperitoneally. After 24 h of the last dose being administered on the 7th day, the animals were decapitated. The lacrimal glands [Intraorbital (IG), extraorbital (EG) and harderian glands (HG)] of the rats were removed for histopathological examination. RESULTS: Periductal and/or periacinar fibrosis in all lacrimal glands were observed to be statistically significantly less frequent in the RAI + Vitamin E group compared to the RAI group. The existence of the abnormal lobular pattern and peripheral basophilia and irregular nucleus shape in IG and in EG, the poorly defined acidophilic cell outline and periductal infiltration in IG and in HG were observed to be statistically significantly less frequent in the RAI + Vitamin E group than in the RAI group. CONCLUSION: According to study results, histopathological examinations revealed that vitamin E protects rat lacrimal glands against RAI-related early damage.